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Collins Suzanne Igrzyska smie Igrzyska smierci
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.Scientists have suggested various origins for the human smile.Some behaviourists argue that the smile in each of its many expressions may be related, at basis, back to the relaxation of the muscles in a baby's face after he's glutted himself on his mother's milk.(I've seen that same nice, uncomplicated smile on my pal Stack Jackson, just after he's drained his first glass of Kloster beer on a Friday night.) Other researchers look for even earlier origins, tracing the urge to smile back to snarls and open-mouthed threats among the apes, our evolutionary cousins.(Stack says he's seen this kind of smile on his mother-in-law, though Stack's wife says her mum means well.)Even with apes, however, studies show that different smiles can convey different messages.Chimpanzees, for example, have a "fear grin ", or smile of appeasement.Confronted by a superior member of the species, the ape performs a silent, bare-toothed display (it looks like a smile, anyway).This signifies something like, "Hey, I'm an okay guy; don't do anything rash.I wasn't winking at your mate.Dearie me, no.I merely had a mote in my eye." And there's another smile in the chimp's repertoire — this one a soothing expression directed by a superior to an inferior, as if to say, "Don't panic, man.Relax.You go ahead and wink all you want."Step on someone's toe in the press of people on a Bangkok bus, and the chances are you'll be confronted with a beaming smile, even as your victim blinks back tears of pain, and just as though he had thought his day couldn't possibly have been any better unless, of course, some great klutz stepped on his foot.In fact, the smile is routinely used to defuse potentially violent situations.It's a culturally imprinted first reaction, and a valuable buffer against ill-considered conflict.It doesn't mean your average Thai enjoys pain.A note in passing: you're probably more likely to get hit by lightning than be held up by bandits, in Thailand: in the unfortunate event, however, you could be sure the bandits would be smiling.What you should do under those circumstances is smile just as winningly and give them your money.Besides the "submissive" and "soothing" smiles, chimps have a third variety, which is simply the "friendly" one.Scientific observation has shown that the friendliness of an encounter in chimp society varies directly with how widely the teeth are bared.But one must wonder if these smiles are always as straightforward and sincere as one might wish.Picture a river full of crocodiles, toothy grins gaping an enthusiastic welcome to all and sundry, no matter their race, colour, or creed.It kind of makes you think of the gauntlet of touts and drivers one is required to run upon arrival at the airport or out front of some hotels.Is this the Thai smile? They're all Thais, and they're all smiling.Smiles, laughter, weeping, back-slapping, kissing, raising various configurations of extended fingers — all these forms of communication may indeed have some universal bases, but in different cultural and social contexts they can express very different things.Whatever their actual physiological or emotional origins, smiles have evolved into social actions — they are a form of non-verbal communication.Eleven different muscles are involved in facial expression, and several or all of these together may be involved in shaping any one smile.A smile can express quiet joy or sadness, admiration or malicious pleasure, pride or embarrassment, approval or scorn, even threat or fear.There is the leer of avarice and the quiet rapture of the ascetic.There are smirks and sneers.You may mistake a grimace for a smile: "Look, the baby's smiling!" Sure.Maybe.Or maybe he's just got gas.There is a medical condition known as Bell's palsy, in which a swollen nerve can cause facial paralysis resulting in a characteristic smile much like that of the Mona Lisa.There is even a type of behaviour psychiatrists call "smiling depression"; should the doctor fail to recognise the syndrome, he might have a suicide on his hands.The list could go on and on.A smile can represent all of these things within one and the same community.What potential, then, for misunderstanding between cultures.Once I went into a travel agency in Bangkok.It was a narrow little room, and I sat across the counter from three pleasant young ladies.A gentleman sat at a desk to one side.I pulled out my cigarettes and offered them around.Everyone declined, smiling big, almost joyful smiles.Judging by their expressions, the only thing marring their joy at my generosity was the fact that they didn't smoke and couldn't please me by taking a cigarette [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]